Differential Amplifier

ABSTRACT

An amplifier for amplifying a differential audio signal, having common-mode rejection and digital gain control, includes a current source ( 401 ) which supplies a constant level of current to a first current path (I 1 ) and a second current path (I 2 ), and input stage ( 403 ) which modulates the current in the current paths in response to a differential input signal, and an output stage ( 405 ) which produces an output signal by amplifying the difference in current between the current paths, a degree of feedback provided to the input stage by a feedback stage ( 402 ) that modulates the current in the current paths in response to the output signal, and the degree of modulation by the feedback stage is determined by the attenuation provided by at least one multiplying digital-to-analog converter ( 407 ) located therein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from United Kingdom patent applicationnumber 12 08 689.8, filed May 17, 2012, the whole contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the amplification of differential audiosignals, such as those produced by high-quality microphones.

2. Description of the Related Art

Differential signaling is a commonly-used technique for transmittinginformation, whereby two complementary but opposite signals are sent ontwo separate, and typically balanced, transmission lines—possibly in asingle cable. The motivation for employing differential signaling isinvariably due to the need to suppress the effect of noise on thecabling used to transmit the information. For instance, even though thelevel of a signal transmitted over a cable may be reasonably large, sayof the order of 100 millivolts, the length of the cable itself may causethe introduction of a significant degree of noise into both lines—insome cases up to ten volts of noise. By transmitting information indifferential mode, where the signals are of opposite polarity to oneanother, the noise will however manifest as a common-mode signal.

The standard approach to recovering the original signal is to subtractthe two signals on each line from one another in a pre-amplificationstage, thereby rejecting the common-mode noise present on the two lines.Such an approach is commonly taken in high-quality microphonepre-amplifiers, particularly in mixing consoles of the known type, whichpre-amplifiers also provide controllable gain.

Problems exist, however, with this approach to recovering thedifferential signal whilst maintaining common-mode rejection. Due to theinherent topology of circuits presently used in microphone amplifiers,there is no concept of electrical ground at the point in the circuitwhere gain is controlled. The introduction of variable gain elementsthat require a connection to ground, such as a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC), is therefore not possible. Thus, up until now it hasnot been feasible to employ commodity DACs in differential signalamplifiers to allow digitally controllable gain.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided Anamplifier for amplifying a differential audio signal having twocomplimentary parts, said amplifier having common-mode rejection anddigital gain control, and comprising: a first current source configuredto supply a constant level of current to a first current path, and asecond current source configured to supply a constant level of currentto a second current path; an input stage configured to modulate thecurrent in said first current path and said second current path inresponse to a differential input signal, thereby producing an amplifieddifferential signal defined by the difference in currents in said firstcurrent path and said second current path; an output stage configured toproduce an output signal by amplifying said amplified differentialsignal; a feedback stage configured to modulate the current in saidfirst current path by said output signal and to modulate the current insaid second current path by the inverse of said output signal, so as toprovide a degree of feedback to said input stage; wherein the degree ofmodulation by said feedback stage is determined by the attenuationprovided by at least one multiplying digital-to-analog converter locatedtherein.

According to further aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method of controlling the gain applied during amplification to adifferential audio signal having two complementary parts, said methodcomprising steps of: (i) supplying a constant level of current to afirst current path and a second current path; (ii) controlling thecurrent in said first current path in response to the first part of saiddifferential audio signal, and controlling the current in said secondcurrent path in response to the second part of said differential audiosignal; (iii) amplifying the difference between the currents in saidfirst current path and said second current path to produce an outputsignal; (iv) generating a first feedback control signal by attenuatingsaid output signal, and generating a second feedback control signal byinverting and attenuating said output signal; (v) generating a degree offeedback by controlling the current in said first current path inresponse to said first feedback control signal and controlling thecurrent in said second current path in response to said second feedbackcontrol signal; wherein the degree of attenuation applied during step(iv) is determined by the attenuation provided by at least onemultiplying digital-to-analog converter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of an environment in which the present inventioncan be used;

FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary mixingenvironment;

FIG. 3 shows an example of a known approach to providing apre-amplification stage for a microphone;

FIG. 4 shows a high-level block diagram of a circuit topologyimplementing the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a practical approach to achieving the requiredfunctionality of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment based on the circuit illustratedin FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 shows an approach to implementing digital-to-analog conversion;and

FIG. 8 shows a dominant-pole compensation circuit used in certainembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The following embodiments are described in the context of providing apre-amplification stage for a differential audio signal received from amicrophone or a similar audio transducer, which is typically analog.However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that theprinciples employed by the present invention have applicability in otherfields, such as providing amplification for digital signals.

FIG. 1

An example of an environment in which the present invention can be usedis shown in FIG. 1. A mixing console 101 is, in this environment, beingemployed to mix numerous channels of audio from many disparate signalsources into one output in a live broadcast system. An operator 102 isresponsible for controlling the relative contribution of each audiosource into the final mix prior to it being combined with a video signalfor eventual broadcast. Of course, it will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that the use of mixing consoles like mixing console101 is not exclusive to broadcast environments, with them also beingemployed in recording studios, public address systems and filmpost-production environments.

FIG. 2

A schematic representation of an exemplary mixing environment isillustrated in FIG. 2. The previously-identified mixing console is shownin simplified form at 201, and comprises a number of channel strips suchas channel strips 202A, 202B and 202C. Each of these channel strips, forinstance channel strip 202A, corresponds to one particular input, suchas input 203A which receives a differential-mode signal from amicrophone 204. Each channel strip includes controls to effect variousmodification of the input signal, such as the gain applied by apre-amplifier and the degree of frequency-based equalization to beapplied. Faders, such as fader 205A, are also present to control therelative contribution of the channel to the final mix. In this example,master faders 206L and 206R are also present which control thecontribution of each of two stereo channels to the final mix. A poweramplifier 207 is also provided, to allow the mix to be monitored by anoperator by means of two loudspeakers, 208L and 208R. In addition, inthis example, a recording of the final mix is made by a recording device209.

Whilst not shown in the schematic, as mentioned previously a degree ofpre-amplification is applied to input signals received at each input ofthe mixing console 201. The degree of gain applied during this processis very much dependent upon the input source, but gain is particularlyimportant when, as illustrated in the Figure, an input signal isreceived from a microphone. The output of high-quality microphones, inparticular due to their high impedances (known in the art as hi-Z) canin many cases only be of the order of between one and ten millivolts. Inorder to increase the level of this signal to line-level in order forsignal processing to take place, a high degree of gain must be applied,sometimes up to 100 decibels.

In addition, in traditional configurations of mixing consoles, gain ofthe pre-amplification stage must still be based on “analog” controls,typically operating mechanically variable resistors or the like. Thishas been seen by many skilled in the art as one of a small number ofremaining stumbling blocks in the move to fully digitally controlledmixing consoles.

FIG. 3

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the output of mosthigh-quality microphones and similar audio transducers is inherentlydifferential. Thus, standard approaches to providing a pre-amplifierstage for signals from such microphones typically involve utilizing acircuit topology akin to an instrumentation amplifier, such as thatillustrated in FIG. 3.

One input line 301A, carrying one part of the differential input signalhaving a positive sense (V_(IN+)) is complemented by another input line301B carrying the other part of the differential input signal having anegative sense (V_(IN−)). A first differential amplifier 302A ispresent, receiving at its non-inverting input the signal carried byinput line 301A, and applies a degree of gain. A second differentialamplifier 302B is also present, similarly receiving at its non-invertinginput the signal carried by input line 301B, and also applies a degreeof gain. The outputs of the two differential amplifiers are fed back viarespective negative feedback paths to their inverting inputs via tworespective resistors 303A and 303B, each having a resistance R₁. Thefeedback paths are also bridged by a variable gain element 304 having aresistance R₂. The output of differential amplifier 302A is provided tothe non-inverting input of a precision subtractor 305, whilst the outputof differential amplifier 302B is provided to the inverting input of theprecision subtractor 305. The output of the precision subtractor at 306(V_(OUT)) is then an amplified version of the differential input signal,with no common-mode component present.

Whilst the implementation of the amplifier topology illustrated in FIG.3 has, for an appreciable length of time, been very successful, therehas been a drive towards both reducing power requirements and providingdigital control of circuitry within mixing consoles. As can be seen inthe Figure, it is only at precision subtractor 305 that the common-modesignal present on the inputs is rejected. Thus, differential amplifiers302A and 302B must amplify this common-mode signal. Thus, if such anamplifier is to provide sufficient gain to be useful, it is likely thatthe peak voltage required due to the presence of the common-mode signalwill be relatively large compared to that provided by conventionalsupply rails. They therefore must have available to them an abnormallyhigh voltage range, which consumes a large quantity of power and thuscan in some circumstances generate an unmanageable amount of heat. Inaddition, problems with this topology exist in that the successfuloperation of precision subtractor 305 depends on exactly matchedresistors. Even a 0.1 percent matching error between resistor valueswill severely limit its ability to reject common-mode signals. This hasthe effect of driving up component Costs.

In addition, in the topology identified in the Figure, the variable gainelement 304 is at a point in the circuit where there is no concept of astable ground. The common-mode signal present on the inputs can, aspreviously mentioned, vary over a high range, and so any attempt tointroduce a variable gain element that is by design required to beground-referenced (such as a DAC) will inevitably encounter problems.

FIG. 4

The present invention therefore takes a technical approach to solvingthis problem. A high-level block diagram of an inherentlyground-referenced circuit topology implementing this technical approachis shown in FIG. 4.

A current source 401 is provided which supplies a constant level ofcurrent through a first current path, identified as I₁, and a secondcurrent path, identified as I₂. The current paths extend through afeedback stage 402 to an input stage 403. Input stage 403 is configuredto modulate the currents in the first and second current paths inresponse to changes in voltages on two inputs 404A and 404B, eachresponsible for receiving one part of a differential input signal havingcomplementary voltages V_(IN+) and V_(IN−). Following modulation by theinput stage, which provides a first amplification of an input signal, anoutput stage 405 is present which amplifies the difference in currentsflowing through the two current paths I₁ and I₂. The output of thisdifferential amplification is provided as a signal V_(OUT) at an outputterminal 406.

The output signal V_(OUT) is, as can be seen in the Figure, alsosupplied to feedback stage 402. A DAC 407 complements the feedbackstage, and applies a degree of attenuation to the output signal. Thedegree of attenuation applied by DAC 407 is controlled by a DACcontroller 408, which supplies a digital word 409 to the DAC to effectcontrol of its attenuation. The DAC interprets the digital word(possibly a set of bits) and establishes itself as an attenuatingelement in the circuit in accordance with the selected attenuationlevel. In the context of the mixing console identified in FIG. 2,therefore, a digital control can be provided that is not physicallycoupled to the DAC in the same way as, say, a dial is physically coupledto a variable resistor, for instance. The control for DAC 407 cantherefore be in fact controlled from a remote digital audio workstation(DAW), if required.

Feedback stage 402 is configured to modulate the currents in the twocurrent paths I₁ and I₂ in a similar, but opposite way to the modulationby input stage 403. The amount of modulation of current in the twocurrent paths I₁ and I₂ by feedback stage 402 is dependent upon thedegree of attenuation of the output signal V_(OUT) by DAC 407.

By modulating the current in the current paths, feedback stage 402 thusplays the role of encouraging a return to more balanced currentconditions in the two current paths and maintaining the symmetry of theamplifier, thereby affecting the overall gain of the structure.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the two currentpaths include a respective current mirror between the feedback stage andthe input stage, moving the two stages away from being in series. Thishas the benefit of allowing each stage access the full voltage rangebetween supply rails.

FIG. 5

A practical approach to achieving the required functionality of thepresent invention is illustrated in FIG. 5.

A positive supply rail 501 and a negative supply rail 502 are provided,which, in an embodiment have a voltage of +15 volts and −15 voltsrespectively. A first current path 503 and a second current path 504extend upward from the negative supply rail to a first current mirror505 and a second current mirror 506. The current mirrors are configuredto copy the current from one side of the circuit to the other, andmaintain current through the current paths regardless of loading inactive devices on each side. First current path 503 and second currentpath 504 then extend downward towards the negative supply rail 502 viatwo resistors 507 and 508, each having a resistance of around 500 ohms.

From the negative supply rail, first current path 503 includes a firstconstant current source 509 connected to the source of a first fieldeffect transistor (FET) 510, which in this particular implementation isan n-channel junction field effect transistor (JFET). The path continueswith the drain of first FET 510 being connected, via first currentmirror 505, to the emitter of a first bipolar junction transistor (BJT)511. The collector of first BJT 511 is then connected to resistor 507.In this embodiment the transistors will be recognized as being PNPconstruction, although it will be appreciated by those skilled in theart that NPN-type components could be used with appropriatemodifications being made.

The second current path is substantially similar to the first, having asecond constant current source 512 connected to the source of a secondFET 513. The drain of second FET 513 is connected, via current mirror506, to the emitter of a second BJT 514, whose collector is in turnconnected to resistor 508.

Input signals themselves, identified as V_(IN+) and V_(IN−), arereceived at input terminals 515 and 516. Input terminal 515 is coupledto the base of BJT 511, whilst input terminal 516 is coupled to the baseof BJT 514. Thus, input voltages received via the input terminalscontrol the flow of current through BJTs 511 and 514. The presence of adifferential signal on the two inputs results in the current flowingthrough BJT 511 tending to decrease, and the current flowing through BJT514 tending to increase. Of course, should an alternative embodiment beconstructed utilizing NPN bipolar junction transistors, then theopposite will occur, and so those skilled in the art will appreciatethat in such circumstances appropriate measures should be taken tochange the polarity of the input terminals.

It will be seen by those skilled in the art that the two BJTs receivingthe two complementary parts of the differential signal together form afirst differential amplifier, with the input terminals providing inputsfor receiving differential input signals. An input-stage shuntingresistance 517, having a resistance R₁, is also placed between theemitters of BJTs 511 and 514. The combination of input terminals 515 and516, BJTs 511 and 514, and input-stage shunting resistance 517 serves toprovide the functionality of input stage 403 for the amplifierstructure, as previously referenced with reference to FIG. 4.

The voltage formed at the collector of first BJT 511 (due to thepresence of resistor 507) is coupled into the inverting input of asecond differential amplifier, provided in this embodiment by anoperational amplifier 518. This provides substantially the functionalityof output stage 405 previously referenced with reference to FIG. 4, and,in an embodiment, is configured to provide 100 decibels of gain. It willof course be appreciated that operational amplifier 518 can beconfigured to operate with alternative (and perhaps variable) levels ofgain in dependence upon the particular application of the amplifierstructure.

In addition, the voltage formed at the collector of second BJT 514 (dueto the presence of resistor 508) is coupled to the non-inverting inputof operational amplifier 518, having a negative feedback path 518FB.Thus, operational amplifier 518 amplifies the difference between thevoltages developed in first current path 503 and second current path 504following modulation of the currents therein by BJTs 511 and 514.

The output of operational amplifier 518 is primarily coupled to a firstoutput terminal 519. The output of operational amplifier 518 is alsocoupled to a unity gain inverting operational amplifier 520, whichserves to invert the signal. The output of operational amplifier 520, ineffect an inverted version of the output from operational amplifier 518,is therefore supplied to a second output terminal 521. Thus, aground-referenced output voltage V_(OUT) is developed between the outputterminals.

In addition to being coupled to output terminal 521, the output ofoperational amplifier 520 is also provided, via a DAC 522, to the gateof FET 510. A complementary DAC 523 is also provided on the other sideof the structure, and is connected to the gate of FET 513. In thisembodiment, the DACs employed are matched 14-bit parts, and thus provide2¹⁴=16384 attenuation steps. However, it will be appreciated that higheror lower precision parts may be substituted in view of cost constraints,for example.

The input to DAC 523 is coupled firstly to the output of operationalamplifier 518. In addition, an inverting DC servo 524 (also known in theart as an integrator, which serves to ensure that the output of DAC 523tends to zero when no output signal is received from operationalamplifier 520) couples the output of operational amplifier 520 to theinput of DAC 523. The two DACs serve to provide attenuation of theirinput signals, at a degree determined by the provision of a digital wordvia a control interface. Referring to FIG. 4, the digital word isprovided by DAC controller block 408.

Referring again to FIG. 5, it will be apparent to those skilled in theart that the configuration of the DACs in a structure such as thatillustrated is very much dependent upon the type of transistorsemployed. In this embodiment, due to FETs being used (which controlcurrent flowing between their source and drain terminals in response toa voltage being applied to the gate), the DACs, which alter their outputcurrents in response to an input voltage and a preset attenuation level,are provided by attenuating multiplying digital-to-analog converters(MDACs) in combination with an operational transimpedance amplifier,thus providing a voltage to the gate of the coupled FET. The preciseconfiguration will be described further with reference to FIG. 7.However, it is also envisaged that in alternative embodiments, FET 510and FET 513 could be replaced by appropriately selected BJTs. As a BJTalters the current flow between its emitter and collector in response tocurrent flowing from or to its base, then the output of an MDAC can beused unaltered. It will be seen by those skilled in the art that, in asimilar way to BJTs 511 and 514, FETs 510 and 515 provide an additional,third differential amplifier in the structure.

In an embodiment, the distortion caused by the presence of the FETs canbe controlled by including an operational amplifier (not shown) betweenthe output of DAC 522 and the gate of FET 510, and another operationalamplifier (not shown) between the output of DAC 523 and the gate of FET513. The voltages at the sources of the FETs are fed back to thecorresponding DACs. In this application, with the output of the DACsbeing supplied to the inverting inputs of the operational amplifiers,and the non-inverting inputs being connected to ground, the operationalamplifiers act as linearizing elements and thus serve to eliminate anydistortion caused by the FETs.

Referring again to FIG. 5, a feedback-stage shunting resistance 525,having a resistance R₂, is placed between the drains of FET 510 and FET513. Thus, it can be seen that the two FETs, in combination with theirrespective DACs and feedback-stage shunting resistance 525, serve toprovide the functionality of feedback stage 402 as previously describedwith reference to FIG. 4. Responsive to a differential signalsynthesized from the output of the output stage, the feedback stagemodulates currents in first current path 503 and second current path504, so as to introduce a degree of feedback to the input stage. Thedegree of feedback introduced is determined by the attenuation of thetwo DACs present in the feedback stage.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the negative feedback path518FB around operational amplifier 518 is configured to operate as adominant pole compensator, and thus includes a compensation circuit 526.The role of compensation circuit 526 is to encourage stability of theoutput stage. In this embodiment, this is achieved by configuring thecompensation circuit 526 such that the gain of operational amplifier 518reduces to 0 decibels before the phase delay it introduces reaches −180degrees. Compensation circuit 526 therefore includes, in one embodiment,a capacitor that provides a dominant pole in the system, and introducesa reasonable phase margin of, say, 60 degrees. In another embodiment,expanded upon with reference to FIG. 8, a plurality of capacitors areprovided, each having a different capacitance to introduce dominantpoles at different frequencies, tuned to particular gain ranges of theentire amplifier structure. This guarantees stability of the structureat all possible gain levels.

A brief overview of the operation of the circuit topology illustrated inFIG. 5 will now be provided. Say a differential input voltage of V_(IN)volts is provided across the input terminals 515 and 516. Thisdifferential voltage is supplied to the bases of BJTs 511 and 517 in theinput stage differential amplifier. Modifications then occur to theemitter currents of the BJTs—say, for instance, that current from theemitter of BJT 511 increases and current from the emitter of BJT 514decreases. This characteristic of the transistors means that an attemptis made to impress the input voltage across input-stage shuntingresistance 517, resulting in a steering current ΔI_(IN) (equal to V_(IN)divided by R₁) shunting through the resistance. It will be immediatelyapparent that any common-mode voltage presented to the input terminals515 and 516 will be completely rejected, as there is simply no forwardcommon-mode path for such voltages to take. If common-mode voltages arepresent, they will adjust the base voltages of BJTs 511 and 514, but atan equivalent level and in the same sense in terms of polarity. Thus, nocurrent will shunt across the resistance, and no output signal will, inturn, be generated by operational amplifier 518.

In any event, unchecked, current will flow from first current path 503to second current path 504, which will lead to changes to the collectorcurrents of BJTs 511 and 514, and a subsequent large differentialvoltage being developed across the inputs to operational amplifier 518.This will in turn lead to a vast and uncontrolled level of amplificationdue to the high gain of operational amplifier 518, which wouldeventually become saturated due to the maximum amount of voltagesupplied by voltage rails 501 and 502. Thus, feedback must be providedto return the emitter currents of BJTs 511 and 514 towards a balancedcondition, with just enough voltage drop across the input-stage shuntingresistance to cause the output of operational amplifier 518 to be suchthat the feedback can continue to be produced.

This output voltage from operational amplifier 518 is also, in effect,negatively coupled to FET 510 via DAC 522, and positively coupled to FET514 via DAC 523 in the feedback stage. Being equal but oppositevoltages, the voltages applied to the gates of the FETs result in equaland opposite modifications to the drain currents of the FETs. Thisresults in the emergence of a similar condition to that in the inputstage, in that a voltage of level V_(FB) (equal to V_(OUT)) is impressedacross feedback-stage shunting resistance 525 (having resistance R₂),resulting in a current of magnitude ΔI_(FB) (equal to V_(OUT) divided byR₂) flowing therethrough. However, due to the polarity of the voltagesapplied to the gates of the FETs, the steering current ΔI_(FB) shunts inthe opposite direction to the steering current through input-stageshunting resistance 517. This has the effect of rebalancing the circuit,as current mirrors 505 and 506 copy the current flowing from the drainsto the sources of FETs 510 and 513 to the emitters of the BJTs 511 and514 through the respective current paths.

In order for this current balancing to control the collector currents ofBJTs 511 and 514 at a satisfactory level, the feedback stage steeringcurrent ΔI_(FB) is effectively equal to the input steering currentΔI_(IN), save for a slight difference that is enough to cause a voltagedrop across the input-stage shunting resistance 517 that will, in turn,be amplified by operational amplifier 518 to provide an output signalV_(OUT) at a sufficient level to cause the generation of the feedbackstage steering current ΔI_(FB).

Thus, the gain A of the amplifier structure as a whole (V_(OUT) dividedby V_(IN)) can be shown to be equal to the ratio of resistances providedby feedback-stage shunting resistance 525 and input-stage shuntingresistance 517, or R₂ divided by R₁, assuming no attenuation by DACs 522and 523 in the feedback stage. However, should the DACs' attenuation beincreased, then the voltages supplied to the gates of FETs 510 and 513will decrease in magnitude. This will in turn result in a reduction inthe voltage across feedback-stage shunting resistance 525, and as thedegree of resistance R₂ of feedback-stage shunting resistance 525remains fixed, a corresponding reduction in the amount of currentshunting therethrough. Thus, the level of current that shunts acrossinput-stage shunting resistance 517 will tend to increase, which in turnwill result in the manifestation of a larger difference in voltage atthe inputs of operational amplifier 518, giving a more highly amplifiedoutput signal V_(OUT).

In effect, therefore, the gain of the entire structure increases at adegree determined by the attenuation provided by the two DACs, 522 and523. The overall gain of the amplifier, A, can therefore be expressed asbeing proportional to the value of the resistance provided byfeedback-stage shunting resistance 525 multiplied by an attenuationvariable k provided by the DACs 522 and 523, divided by the resistanceprovided by input-stage shunting resistance 517:

$\begin{matrix}{A \propto \frac{{kR}_{2}}{R_{1}}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

where k ranges between 1 and 2^(n), with 1 being the lowest availableattenuation provided by the DACs in concert, and 2^(n) being the numberof attenuation steps available.

Thus, the particular embodiment of the present invention illustrated inFIG. 5 allows the control of the gain by changing the attenuationprovided by two circuit elements: DACs 522 and 523, providingsubstantially the functionality of block 407 identified in FIG. 4. It isof course important to note that the circuit topology illustrated inFIG. 5 is fully ground-referenced, and so there are no floatingcommon-mode voltages present. It is this property that allows the use ofDACs to provide variable attenuation elements, as they must, due totheir internal resistor-ladder network, be connected to ground.

It has been found through research conducted by the present applicantthat a more sophisticated approach to controlling the attenuationprovided by DACs 522 and 523 can improve the precision of the amplifier.Whilst conventional wisdom may suggest that alterations to theattenuation of the DACs should occur in unison, i.e. the attenuationconstant k identified above only having 16384 possible values when14-bit DACs are employed, it has been found that alternated stepping ofattenuation levels in DACs 522 and 523 by DAC controller 408 ispossible. Thus, the attenuation constant k in fact can take 32768 (or2¹⁵) values when 14-bit DACs are used. More generally, therefore, theuse of n-bit DACs in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 provides(n+1)-bit resolution in terms of the number of steps possible in theoverall gain of the amplifier. Thus, in the equation identified above,the gain of the structure, having two 14-bit DACs and equally-valuedshunting resistances 517 and 525, could range from a value of Aproportional to 1 to a value of A proportional to 2¹⁵=32768.

The circuit shown in FIG. 5 can generally be described as “balanced”,and as a result exhibits a degree of distortion in the order of 0.005percent. This is predominantly due to the symmetry provided by theinclusion of DACs 522 and 523 at the gates of the FETs 510 and 513.

FIG. 6

An alternative embodiment of the present invention is illustrated inFIG. 6, and based on the principles of the topology presented in FIG. 5.

As can be seen in the illustration, there is still provided circuitelements that fulfill the requirement of the present invention for acurrent source, an input stage, a feedback stage (including at least oneDAC) and an output stage.

Thus, a positive supply rail 601 and a negative supply rail 502 areprovided. A first current path 603 and a second current path 604 extendupward from the negative supply rail to a first current mirror 605 and asecond current mirror 606. First current path 603 and second currentpath 604 then extend downward towards the negative supply rail 602 viatwo resistors 607 and 608, each having a resistance of around 500 ohms.

From the negative supply rail, first current path 603 includes a firstconstant current source 609 connected to the source of a first FET 610,which in this particular implementation is an n-channel JFET. The pathcontinues with the drain of first FET 610 being connected, via firstcurrent mirror 605, to the emitter of a first BJT 611. The collector offirst BJT 611 is then connected to resistor 607. In this embodiment thetransistors will be recognized as being PNP construction, although itwill again be appreciated by those skilled in the art that NPN-typecomponents could be used with appropriate modifications being made.

The second current path is substantially similar to the first, having asecond constant current source 612 connected to the source of a secondFET 613. The drain of second FET 613 is connected, via current mirror606, to the emitter of a second BJT 614, whose collector is in turnconnected to resistor 608.

Input signals themselves, identified as V_(IN+) and V_(IN−), arereceived at input terminals 615 and 616. Input terminal 615 is coupledto the base of BJT 611, whilst input terminal 616 is coupled to the baseof BJT 614. Thus, input voltages received via the input terminalscontrol the flow of current through BJTs 611 and 614.

It will again be seen by those skilled in the art that the two BJTsreceiving the two complementary parts of the differential signaltogether form a first differential amplifier, with the input terminalsproviding inputs for receiving differential input signals. Aninput-stage shunting resistance 617, having a resistance R₁, is alsoplaced between the emitters of BJTs 611 and 614. The combination ofinput terminals 615 and 616, BJTs 611 and 614 and input-stage shuntingresistance 617 serves to provide the functionality of input stage 403for the amplifier structure identified in FIG. 6, as previouslyreferenced with reference to FIG. 4.

The voltage formed at the collector of first BJT 611 (due to thepresence of resistor 607) is coupled into the inverting input of asecond differential amplifier, provided in this embodiment by anoperational amplifier 618. This provides substantially the functionalityof output stage 405 previously referenced with reference to FIG. 4. Inaddition, the voltage formed at the collector of second BJT 614 (due tothe presence of resistor 608) is coupled to the non-inverting input ofoperational amplifier 618, having a negative feedback path 618FB,including a compensation circuit 619 (equivalent to compensation circuit526 previously described with reference to FIG. 5) to encouragestability. Thus, operational amplifier 618 amplifies the differencebetween the voltages developed in first input path 603 and second input604 following modulation of the currents therein by BJTs 611 and 614.

The output of operational amplifier 618 is primarily coupled to a firstoutput terminal 620. The output of operational amplifier 618 is alsocoupled to a unity gain inverting operational amplifier 621, whichserves to invert the signal. The output of operational amplifier 621, ineffect an inverted version of the output from operational amplifier 618,is therefore supplied to a second output terminal 622. Thus, aground-referenced output voltage V_(OUT) is developed between theseoutput terminals.

The output of operational amplifier 621 is also coupled—via a DC servo623 to remove any DC offset—to the gate of FET 610, thus modulating thecurrent in first current path 603. The output of operational amplifier618 is also coupled, via a DAC 624 (similar in possible arrangements toDACs 522 and 523 identified in FIG. 5), to the gate of FET 613, therebymodulating the current in second current path 604. As previouslydescribed with reference to FIG. 5, a linearizing operational amplifier(not shown) can be included between the output of DAC 624 and the gateof FET 613 to substantially eliminate the distortion caused by the FET'soperation. Referring again to FIG. 6, a feedback-stage shuntingresistance 625, having a resistance R₂, is also placed between thedrains of FET 610 and FET 613.

Thus, in operation, gain of the overall structure is controlled by DAC624, which effects changes in the modulation of current in secondcurrent path 604. Thus results in changes to the amount of current thatshunts across input-stage shunting resistance 617, and hencemodifications to the level of the output signal from operationalamplifier 618. The number of overall amplifier gain steps in thisembodiment is simply equal to the number of attenuation steps providedby DAC 624, so for a 14-bit part, 16384 gain steps are available.

The circuit shown in FIG. 6 can generally be described as “unbalanced”due to only one attenuating element being present in the feedback stage,and as a result exhibits a degree of distortion of the order of 0.5percent. However, inclusion of only a single DAC reduces component costsby an appreciable amount.

FIG. 7

As previously described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, the term “DAC”as used herein is used to generally refer to a circuit elementconfigured to receive an indication via a control interface of aselected attenuation level. The indication generally takes the form of adigital word, i.e. a group of bits understood as an instruction by theDAC to adopt a corresponding attenuation level.

The DACs referred to in FIGS. 5 and 6 were, in those embodiments,illustrated as interfacing with field effect transistors. The mostpractical way to implement a digital-to-analog conversion is to employMDACs, which, as mentioned previously, receive an input voltage and,based on their attenuation, output a current. Thus, extra capabilitymust be provided to convert this current into a voltage such that it cancontrol the gate of the FETs.

Such an approach is illustrated in FIG. 7, where an n-bit MDAC 701 isprovided along with an operational amplifier 702 operating as acurrent-to-voltage converter: an operational transimpedance amplifier.MDAC 701 includes an input terminal 703 at which an input referencevoltage is received. Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the reference voltagewould be the output of inverting operational amplifiers 520 and 621respectively. Referring again to FIG. 7, a control interface 704 ispresent as well, and receives from a digital controller (for example, adigital gain control in a mixing console) a digital word identifying avalue N for the desired level of attenuation to be adopted by the MDAC.Output current is supplied from an output 705 in MDAC 701 to thenon-inverting input of operational amplifier 702, whose inverting inputis coupled to circuit ground. The output of operational amplifier 702 isprovided to an output terminal 706, and is also coupled, via a feedbackresistor 707, to a feedback input 708 in MDAC 701 to improve stabilityof the structure. The overall “gain” of the DAC system shown in FIG. 7(provided by the combination of MDAC 701 and operational amplifier 702)can be shown to be equal to the value N supplied to control interface704 divided by 2^(n)−1. So, for instance, if a digital word is providedto MDAC 701 corresponding to a value of N of 8192, and MDAC 701 is a14-bit part, the gain will be one half.

FIG. 8

As previously described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, embodiments ofthe present invention include a compensation circuit (526 or 619) in thefeedback loop of the output stage operational amplifier (518 or 618).The role of the compensation circuit is to implement a dominant pole, inorder to guarantee stability of the system. Due to the wide-ranging gainthat could be adopted by an amplifier constructed in accordance with theprinciples of the present invention, some embodiments can benefit froman adaptable compensation circuit. Such a proposal is illustrated inFIG. 8, identifying a compensation circuit 801 that can be employed inthe structures of FIGS. 5 and 6.

In this example, four capacitors 802, 803, 804 and 805 are provided inparallel. Each capacitor has a different capacitance C₁, C₂, C₃ and C₄respectively. In an exemplary implementation, capacitor 802 could have acapacitance of 10 picofarads, capacitor 803 a capacitance of 22picofarads, capacitor 804 a capacitance of 100 picofarads, and capacitor805 a capacitance of 470 picofarads. A multiplexer 806 is included toimplement selection of which capacitor should be used to establish adominant pole, and selects a suitable capacitor in accordance with thegain level selected for the overall structure, which can be digitallycontrolled in a similar way to the DACs. As will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art, different capacitances will serve to establishdominant poles at different frequencies, thus allowing the tuning of thelocation of the dominant pole in the system to be at a frequency suchthat 0 decibels of gain is achieved before a −180 degree phase shift.This therefore ensures stability of the system at a wide range ofpossible gain levels.

1. An amplifier for amplifying a differential audio signal having twocomplimentary parts, said amplifier having common-mode rejection anddigital gain control, and comprising: a first current source configuredto supply a constant level of current to a first current path, and asecond current source configured to supply a constant level of currentto a second current path; an input stage configured to modulate thecurrent in said first current path and said second current path inresponse to a differential input signal, thereby producing an amplifieddifferential signal defined by the difference in currents in said firstcurrent path and said second current path; an output stage configured toproduce an output signal by amplifying said amplified differentialsignal; a feedback stage configured to modulate the current in saidfirst current path by said output signal and to modulate the current insaid second current path by the inverse of said output signal, so as toprovide a degree of feedback to said input stage; wherein the degree ofmodulation by said feedback stage is determined by the attenuationprovided by at least one multiplying digital-to-analog converter locatedtherein.
 2. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein said input stage includesa first differential amplifier having a first input and a second inputfor receiving each part of said differential input signal.
 3. Theamplifier of claim 2, wherein the first differential amplifier comprisesa first bipolar junction transistor and a second bipolar junctiontransistor, each having a base, an emitter and a collector, and whereinsaid first input applies one part of said differential input signal tothe base of said first bipolar junction transistor and said second inputapplies another part of said differential input signal to the base ofsaid second bipolar junction transistor.
 4. The amplifier of claim 3,further comprising an input-stage shunting resistance connected betweenthe emitters of the first bipolar junction transistor and the secondbipolar junction transistor.
 5. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein saidoutput stage includes a second differential amplifier, having a thirdinput and a fourth input for receiving said amplified differentialsignal.
 6. The amplifier of claim 5, wherein the second differentialamplifier is an operational amplifier having a negative feedback path.7. The amplifier of claim 6, wherein the negative feedback path of saidoperational amplifier includes a dominant pole compensator to encouragestability.
 8. The amplifier of claim 7, wherein said dominant-polecompensator includes a plurality of capacitors, each one of whichdefines a pole frequency for a particular gain range.
 9. The amplifierof claim 1, configured to receive balanced input signals, and whereinsaid feedback stage includes a third differential amplifier, having afifth input and a sixth input, wherein said fifth input is configured toreceive said output signal via a first multiplying digital-to-analogconverter, and said sixth input is configured to receive said outputsignal via a second multiplying digital-to-analog converter incombination with an inverter.
 10. The amplifier of claim 9, wherein: thethird differential amplifier comprises a first field effect transistorand a second field effect transistor, each having a gate, a source and adrain; said fifth input applies a first part of said differential inputsignal to the base of said first bipolar junction transistor; and saidsixth input applies a second part of said differential input signal tothe base of said second bipolar junction transistor.
 11. The amplifierof claim 10, further comprising a feedback-stage shunting resistanceconnected between the drains of the first field effect transistor andthe second field effect transistor.
 12. The amplifier of claim 1,wherein: the first current path includes a first current mirror and thesecond current path includes a second current mirror; and said firstcurrent mirror and said second current mirror are connected between saidinput stage and said feedback stage.
 13. The amplifier of claim 1,wherein said at least one multiplying digital-to-analog converterincludes a digital control interface for receiving a digital word, andsaid at least one multiplying digital-to-analog converter is configuredto adjust its level of attenuation based upon the digital word receivedfrom the digital control interface.
 14. The amplifier of claim 1,forming part of a microphone pre-amplifier.
 15. A mixing consoleincluding a differential input terminal for receiving a differentialaudio signal produced by an audio transducer, a digital gain controllerfor allowing an operator of the mixing console to control the gainapplied to said differential audio signal, and the amplifier of claim13, wherein: in response to receiving input from the operator selectinga selected gain level, said digital gain controller is configured toprovide, to the digital control interface in the at least onemultiplying digital-to-analog converter, a digital word corresponding tosaid selected gain level.
 16. The mixing console of claim 15, formingpart of one of: an audio recording system and an audio broadcast system.17. A method of controlling gain applied during amplification to adifferential audio signal having two complementary parts, said methodcomprising the steps of: (i) supplying a constant level of current to afirst current path and a second current path; (ii) controlling thecurrent in said first current path in response to a first part of saiddifferential audio signal, and controlling the current in said secondcurrent path in response to a second part of said differential audiosignal; (iii) amplifying the difference between the currents in saidfirst current path and said second current path to produce an outputsignal; (iv) generating a first feedback control signal by attenuatingsaid output signal, and generating a second feedback control signal byinverting and attenuating said output signal; (v) generating a degree offeedback by controlling the current in said first current path inresponse to said first feedback control signal and controlling thecurrent in said second current path in response to said second feedbackcontrol signal; wherein the degree of attenuation applied during step(iv) is determined by the attenuation provided by at least onemultiplying digital-to-analog converter.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the degree of attenuation applied during step (iv) is one of2^(n) such attenuation levels, wherein n is an integer, and said methodfurther comprises a step of receiving an indication of a selected gainlevel corresponding to one of said attenuation levels.
 19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein: the attenuation applied during the generation of thefirst feedback control signal is provided by a first multiplyingdigital-to-analog converter having 2^(n) attenuation levels; theattenuation applied during the generation of the second feedback controlsignal is provided by a second multiplying digital-to-analog converterhaving 2^(n) attenuation levels; and stepping of attenuation alternatesbetween the first multiplying digital-to-analog converter and the secondmultiplying digital-to-analog converter, thereby providing 2^(n+1)attenuation levels.